In an effort to bring focus to the collection of physician skills needed for the effective delivery of health care services to culturally diverse populations, CSR worked with researchers from the Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital to probe a national cross-section of residents about their training for and proficiency in working with underserved sub-populations. A self-administered questionnaire was used on a sample of 3435 residents. Monetary incentives of two types were used to encourage participation. In the end, 2047 residents responded with information on their training, cross cultural experiences during medical school and residency, self-rating of skill with diverse populations, hospital resources and environment for cross cultural services, and expectations for exposure to cultural diversity in their future practice. The results from the study have informed decision-makers on the current state of diversity training in medical schools and residencies across the country.